Bibliographies of Camp-related Research

Changes in Self-Esteem and Anxiety in Competitive and Noncompetitive Camps
Rubinstein, R.P.
Journal of Social Psychology, 102.1 (1977) 55-57

Purpose:
Investigate the effects of competitive versus no-competitive camp programming on children's self-esteem and anxiety levels.

Sample:
146 children, ages 10-14, upper middle class background, attending one of two camps with different program goals and philosophies (1 task-oriented, competitive, 1 non-competitive).

Methods/Instruments:
Pre-, post-test, Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale, IPAT Youth Anxiety Scale, observations.

Results:

No significant change in self-esteem scores of subjects in competitive camp.
Significant positive change in self-esteem scores of subjects in no-competitive camp.
Significant positive change in subjects in competitive camp who were given opportunity to be involved in activities they enjoyed (group classified as "Achievers").
Significant increase in anxiety level in "Achievers" in competitive camp and males in non-competitive camp. "The level of anxiety in both camps increased for those who stood to suffer a disjunction between present and future expectations in role performance."