Ticks are small spiderlike arachnids that bite to fasten themselves onto the skin and feed on blood. Ticks live in the fur and feathers of many birds and animals. Tick bites occur most often during early spring to late summer and in areas where there are many wild animals and birds. While most ticks don't carry diseases, and most tick bites don't cause serious health problems, it is important to understand the signs and symptoms of tick-borne illnesses. Ticks should be removed properly from humans and pets as soon as possible. Removing the tick's body helps to avoid diseases the tick may pass on during feeding. Once removed, it is important to assess for tick-borne illnesses. These include Lyme Disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, Anaplasmosis, Babesiosis and Tularemia. Adult ticks are the easiest to identify and male and female ticks of the same species may look different. Nymphal and larval ticks are very small and may be hard to identify. Nymph size ticks are tiny, like a speck of dirt, or a pinhead. Please note: Image posted is extremely magnified.
Top 5 Tips for Camps
- Know and share the facts. Learn to identify ticks and the diseases they may carry. Consider sharing resources with camp families prior to camp so they can prepare and educate their chidren. Check out the great resources for families from Project Lyme.
- Provide training. Train all staff in tick identification and how to avoid tick habitats. Ensure that health care staff are trained in tick removal and tick-borne illnesses. Check out the CDC's Reference Manual for Health Care Providers - Tick-Borne Diseases.
- Practice prevention. Focus on preventing the spread of disease through ticks by establishing daily tick checks and consider encouraging the use of tick repellent clothing. Post tick check reminders/charts in shower and sleeping areas. Review the resources section below for other tips on preventing tick bites. Consider posting the CDC's tick bite prevention comic for summer campers titled Don't Let a Tick Make You Sick!
- Carefully assess everyone bitten by a tick. Once a tick is properly removed, ensure that trained staff examine and evaluate those bitten for signs of tick-borne illness. Know that symptoms may not appear immediately.
- Consider steps to reduce the likelyhood of tick infestation: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offers some simple landscaping techniques that can help reduce tick populations. These include: removing leaf litter, clearning tall grasses and brush, and placing a 3-ft wide barrier of wood chips or gravel between walkways and wooded areas to restrict tick migration into recreational areas. For more tips, review the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station's Tick Management Handbook.
What Are Ticks?
Ticks are arachnids, which is a relative of the spider. They are obligate blood feeders (blood is all they feed on), and they typically stay attached to their host for days or a week to complete feeding (in contrast, mosquitoes are quick-in/quick-out blood feeders). Ticks also carry a wide variety of disease-causing germs and they transmit these agents while bloodfeeding. There are many different types of ticks including: deer ticks, american dog ticks, gulf coast ticks, and rocky mountain wood ticks - to name a few. For more details on the types of ticks, see the resources section below.
Ten Essential Tick Facts
Adapted from University of Rhode Island TickEncounter Resource Center, Thomas Mather. With permission.
- All ticks crawl up (think protection from the ground up).
- All ticks (including deer ticks) come in small (larvae), medium (nymphs) and large (adult female/male) sizes.
- Ticks can be active even in the winter.
- Ticks carry a variety of disease-causing microbes.
- Only deer ticks transmit Lyme disease bacteria.
- It is unclear if deer ticks must be attached for longer than 24 hours to pass on the Lyme disease infection. Other tick-borne disease organisms can be transmitted in less than 24 hours.
- Some ticks can be hard to see or feel - deer tick nymphs look like a poppy seed on your skin.
- The easiest and safest way to remove a tick is with a pointy tweezer.
- Tick repellent clothing with permethrin is best for preventing tick bites.
- Tick bites and tick-borne diseases are preventable.
Tick Repellent Clothing
DEET-containing products were thought to be a good option for preventing tick bites. However, recent tests have shown that although DEET is an excellent repellent for mosquitoes, black flies and gnats, it's only effective at repelling ticks for brief time periods after being applied and then must be re-applied. A better option for repelling ticks are "Clothing Only Repellents" such as those containing Permethrin (found in Permanone® Products, Sawyer Clothing-Only Repellent® and Repel®). These products contain about 0.5% Permethin, much less than the amount used to treat head lice on children or Scabies mite infestations of the skin. In the case of tick repellents, using more of the active ingredient than this is unnecessary, and can even lead to chemical overexposure.
You can purchase tick repellent clothes containing permethrin (easiest and most cost-effective) or use sprays and soaking kits to treat your own clothes with permethrin tick repellent. Commercially treated clothing remains tick repellent through 70 wash cycles while treat-at-home sprays and kits provide effective repellency for up to 6 washings. Whichever method you choose, wearing tick repellent clothing makes tick bite protection and disease prevention as easy as getting dressed in the morning!
Resources
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention:
- University of Rhode Island TickEncounter Resource Center, Thomas Mather.
- Project Lyme
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station's Tick Management Handbook.
- Guest Blog - Tips for Lyme Disease Prevention at Camp from the Global Lyme Allliance
- American Camp Association Resources:
Photo by Scott Bauer. (USDA ARS) - http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/mar98/k8002-3.htm, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1568627